Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

This book offers a detailed introduction to the principles and applications of chemical sensors and biosensors, essential tools in modern analytical science. It explains how these devices detect and measure chemical substances through physical, chemical, or biological interactions. The text explores different types of sensors, including electrochemical, optical, and thermal sensors, along with biosensors that incorporate biological elements such as enzymes, antibodies, or cells. Emphasis is placed on design, fabrication, sensitivity, selectivity, and real-world applications in fields like healthcare diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and industrial processing. The book also discusses recent advancements, including miniaturization, nanotechnology integration, and wearable sensing devices. By combining theoretical foundations with practical insights, it provides readers with a clear understanding of how sensing technologies contribute to scientific research and everyday applications.